1. Biodegradation of [S,S], [R,R] and mixed stereoisomers of ethylene diamine disuccinic acid (EDDS), a transition metal chelator
D Schowanek, T C Feijtel, C M Perkins, F A Hartman, T W Federle, R J Larson Chemosphere. 1997 Jun;34(11):2375-91. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00082-9.
An in-depth biodegradation test program was executed on the hexadentate ligand Ethylene Diamine Di Succinate (EDDS). The EDDS structure contains two chiral carbon atoms, and has three stereoisomers ([R,R], [R,S]/[S,R], [S,S]). Our research has focused on the isomer mixture (i.e. 25%[S,S]; 25%[R,R]; 50%[S,R]/[R,S], as produced from the reaction of ethylene diamine with maleic anhydride) and on the single [S,S]- and [R,R]-isomers. Biodegradation screening of the 14C-labelled EDDS isomer mixture in a Batch Activated Sludge (BAS) test with various inocula revealed incomplete mineralization, up to ca. 65% after 28 days. N-(2-aminoethyl) aspartic acid (AEAA), probably the d-isomer, was identified as the major portion of the 14C-material remaining in solution. Further testing revealed that the [S,S]-isomer is rapidly and completely mineralized in all test systems. By contrast, [R,R]-EDDS remained undegraded in a Sturm (OECD 301B) test, but was very slowly biotransformed into the recalcitrant metabolite AEAA in a BAS test. The [S,R]/[R,S] form undergoes biotransformation to AEAA in both high and low biomass systems. In a sewage treatment simulation test (OECD 303) the steady state DOC removal of mixture-EDDS in a CAS test was limited to 25-35%, even after extensive pre-acclimation, while the [S,S]-isomer achieved nearly complete removal (96%). This study illustrates the importance stereospecificity may have on the biodegradation and metabolite formation of a chemical. A biodegradation scheme for the different EDDS stereoisomers is proposed.
2. Dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations induced by carcinogenic (R,S,S,R) bay- and fjord-region diol epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
A H Conney, R L Chang, X X Cui, M Schiltz, H Yagi, D M Jerina, S J Wei Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;500:697-707. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_102.
Chinese hamster V79 cells were exposed to a high or low concentration of the highly carcinogenic (R,S,S,R) or the less active (S,R,R,S) bay- or fjord-region diol epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[c]phenanthrene or dibenz[c,h]acridine. Independent 8-azaguanine-resistant clones were isolated, and base substitutions at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) locus were determined. For the three (R,S,S,R) diol epoxides studied, the proportion of mutations at AT base pairs increased as the concentration of diol epoxide decreased. Concentration-dependent differences in the mutational profile were not observed, however, for the three (S,R,R,S) diol epoxides. In studies, with V-H1 cells (a DNA repair deficient variant of V79 cells), a concentration-dependent difference in the profile of mutations for the (R,S,S,R) diol epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene was not observed. These results suggest that concentration-dependent differences in the mutational profile are dependent on an intact DNA repair system. In additional studies, we initiated mouse skin with a high or low dose of benzo[a]pyrene and promoted the mice for 26 weeks with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Papillomas were examined for mutations in the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene. Dose-dependent differences in the profile of c-Ha-ras mutations in the tumors were observed. In summary, (i) dose-dependent differences in mutational profiles at the hprt locus were observed in Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with several highly mutagenic and carcinogenic (R,S,S,R) bay- or fjord-region diol epoxides but not with their less active (S,R,R,S) diol epoxide enantiomers, (ii) a dose-dependent difference in the mutational profile was not observed for the (R,S,S,R) diol epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene in a DNA-repair defective V79 cell line, and (iii) a dose-dependent difference in the mutational profile in the c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene was observed in tumors from mice treated with a high or low dose of benzo[a]pyrene.
3. 1',3',3'-Trimethyl-2,3-diphenyl-2,3-di-hydro-isoxazole-5(4H)-spiro-2'-indoline
Naoual Laghrib, Jean-Claude Daran, Rachid Fihi, Lhou Majidi, Mohamed Azrour Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2009 Jan 23;65(Pt 2):o374. doi: 10.1107/S1600536809002062.
Two diastereoisomers of the title compound, C(25)H(26)N(2)O, have been prepared by cyclo-addition between 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-methyl-eneindoline and C-phenyl-N-phenyl-nitrone. The stereochemistry of the major diastereoisomer, viz. S,R/R,S, is confirmed by the X-ray analysis. The oxazole and the pyrole rings have envelope conformations. The packing is stabilized by weak C-H⋯π inter-actions involving the phenyl ring attached to the N atom of the oxazole and the phenyl ring of the indole fragment.
