1. (Pro)renin receptor peptide inhibitor "handle-region" peptide does not affect hypertensive nephrosclerosis in Goldblatt rats
Dominik N Muller, Bernd Klanke, Sandra Feldt, Nada Cordasic, Andrea Hartner, Roland E Schmieder, Friedrich C Luft, Karl F Hilgers Hypertension. 2008 Mar;51(3):676-81. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101493. Epub 2008 Jan 22.
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR], a new component the renin-angiotensin system, was cloned recently. The (P)RR promotes direct mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and nonproteolytic prorenin activation. We investigated the role of a (P)RR blocker, a peptide consisting of 10 amino acids from the prorenin prosegment called the "handle-region" peptide (HRP), on target organ damage in renovascular hypertensive 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) rats. Vehicle-treated 2K1C rats were compared with HRP-treated 2K1C rats (3.5 mug/kg per day) and sham-operated controls. Vehicle-treated 2K1C rats developed hypertension (186+/-17 mm Hg), cardiac hypertrophy (3.16+/-0.16 mg/g), renal inflammation, fibrosis, vascular, and tubular damage. Chronic HRP treatment did not affect blood pressure (194+/-15 mm Hg), cardiac hypertrophy (2.97+/-0.11 mg/g), or renal damage. Furthermore, we investigated the renal renin and (P)RR expression. The clipped kidney of 2K1C and HRP-treated 2K1C rats showed a higher renin expression and juxtaglomerular index compared with sham-operated kidneys. The unclipped kidney showed suppressed renin expression. In contrast, (P)RR mRNA expression was not altered in any group. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone were increased in 2K1C rats compared with sham controls. HRP-treated 2K1C rats tended to lower plasma renin activity but showed similar aldosterone levels as vehicle-treated 2K1C rats. Our results indicate that blockade of the (P)RR with HRP does not improve target organ damage in renovascular hypertensive rats.
2. Handle region peptide counteracts the beneficial effects of the Renin inhibitor aliskiren in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Joep H M van Esch, Richard van Veghel, Ingrid M Garrelds, Frank Leijten, Angelique M Bouhuizen, A H Jan Danser Hypertension. 2011 Apr;57(4):852-8. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.169060. Epub 2011 Feb 14.
To investigate whether the putative (pro)renin receptor blocker, the handle region peptide (HRP), exerts effects on top of the blood pressure-lowering and cardioprotective effects of the renin inhibitor aliskiren, spontaneously hypertensive rats were implanted with telemetry transmitters to monitor heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP). After a 2-week recovery period, vehicle, aliskiren, HRP (100 and 1 mg/kg per day, respectively), and HRP+aliskiren were infused for 3 weeks using osmotic minipumps. Subsequently, the heart was removed to study coronary function according to Langendorff. Baseline MAP and heart rate in vehicle-treated rats were 146±3 mm Hg and 326±4 bpm. HRP did not affect MAP, whereas aliskiren and HRP+aliskiren lowered MAP (by maximally 29±2 and 20±1 mm Hg, respectively) without affecting heart rate. Aliskiren significantly reduced MAP throughout the 3-week infusion period, whereas the blood pressure-lowering effect of HRP+aliskiren returned to baseline within 2 weeks of treatment. In comparison with vehicle, aliskiren increased the endothelium-dependent response to bradykinin and decreased the response to angiotensin II in the coronary circulation, whereas these responses were not altered after treatment with HRP or HRP+aliskiren. HRP did not alter plasma renin activity, plasma angiotensin levels, or the renal angiotensin content, either alone or on top of aliskiren, nor did it alter the aliskiren-induced decrease in renal Ang II type 1 receptor expression. Yet, it did reverse the aliskiren-induced reduction in cardiomyocyte area, without affecting this area when given alone. In conclusion, HRP counteracts the beneficial effects of aliskiren on blood pressure, coronary function, and cardiac hypertrophy in an angiotensin-independent manner.
3. Different effect of handle region peptide on β-cell function in different sexes of rats neonatally treated with sodium L-glutamate
Yi-xi Wu, Ru-qiong Sun, Guo-shu Yin, Dong-chuan Xu, Ping Wang, Kun Lin, Chu-jia Lin, Shao-da Lin Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015 Mar 17;21:33-40. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.893183.
BACKGROUND The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was reported to be expressed in various tissues including the pancreas, and handle region peptide (HRP) is believed to block the function of (P)RR. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HRP on the glucose tolerance status and β-cell function of female rats, neonatally treated with sodium L-glutamate (MSG) and to compare with the previously reported HRP effect on male rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Female MSG rats aged 8 weeks were divided into MSG control group and HRP treated group and the normal SD rats served as control. The MSG rats were treated with HRP by osmotic minipumps with dose of 1 mg/kg per day for total 28 days. Glucose tolerance status was evaluated at the end of the study. Islets α-cell and β-cell were marked with insulin antibody and glucagon antibody respectively. The proliferation of islet cells and expression of subunit of NADPH oxidase P22phox were marked by PCNA and P22phox antibody. Picrosirius red staining was performed for evaluating fibrosis of islets. RESULTS HRP improved the glucose status tolerance with decreasing α-cell mass, islets PCNA-positive cells, expression of P22phox and picrosirius red stained areas, and increasing β-cell mass in female MSG rats. The indexes with obviously interacted effect of sexes and HRP for the MSG rats were the AUC of blood glucose concentration (P<0.01), α-cell mass (P<0.05), proliferation of islet cells (P<0.01) and area of picrosirius red staining (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS HRP improved the glucose tolerance status in the females although it was previously reported to worsen the glucose tolerance in male MSG rats. Different levels of sex hormones may partly account for the disparate effects observed for HRP in different sexes.
