1. Nucleotide sequence of the streptococcin A-FF22 lantibiotic regulon: model for production of the lantibiotic SA-FF22 by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes
R E McLaughlin, J J Ferretti, W L Hynes FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 Jun 15;175(2):171-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13616.x.
Streptococcin A-FF22 (SA-FF22) is a type AII linear lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes strain FF22. Sequence analysis of an approximate 10 kb region of DNA showed it to contain nine open reading frames arranged in three operons responsible for regulation, biosynthesis and immunity of SA-FF22. This region is organized similarly to the Lactococcus lactis lacticin 481 region, however, unlike lacticin 481, a two-component regulatory system is essential for SA-FF22 production. Located immediately downstream of the scn region is a putative transposase gene, the presence of which supports earlier data that indicated a mobile nature to this region.
2. Streptococcin A-FF22: nisin-like antibiotic substance produced by a group A streptococcus
J R Tagg, L W Wannamaker Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1978 Jul;14(1):31-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.14.1.31.
Streptococcin A-FF22 (SA) was shown to occur as both a cell-associated (SA-CA) and an extracellular (SA-EX) component of cultures of the producer bacterium, group A streptococcus strain FF22. SA-CA was solubilized by chemical, enzymatic, and mechanical procedures, similar to those used to release M protein. The independence of SA and M protein in strain FF22 was established by chromatographic separation of the two proteins on the basis of molecular weight and isoelectric point differences between the two substances. Media supporting optimal growth of strain FF22 did not necessarily favor SA production. SA was not produced either at elevated temperatures (39 degrees C) or if the culture was maintained at pH 7 or higher. The release of SA from producer cells was enhanced at lower culture pH values. Much of the SA-CA activity seemed associated with the cell walls of the producer strain, and the nature of the binding appeared to be largely nonspecific in nature and attributable to electrostatic interaction.
3. Cloning of the gene encoding Streptococcin A-FF22, a novel lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, and determination of its nucleotide sequence
W L Hynes, J J Ferretti, J R Tagg Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Jun;59(6):1969-71. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1969-1971.1993.
Streptococcin A-FF22 (SA-FF22) is a lantibiotic produced by Streptococcus pyogenes FF22. The nucleotide sequence of the SA-FF22 structural gene (scnA) was determined and shown to encode a 51-amino-acid prepeptide. The proteolytic processing site of the SA-FF22 prepeptide differs from that which characterizes other type A lantibiotics.
