1. Antimicrobial and cytolytic properties of the frog skin peptide, kassinatuerin-1 and its L- and D-lysine-substituted derivatives
J Michael Conlon, Bency Abraham, Sehamuddin Galadari, Floyd C Knoop, Agnes Sonnevend, Tibor Pál Peptides. 2005 Nov;26(11):2104-10. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.003.
Kassinatuerin-1, a 21-amino-acid C-terminally alpha-amidated peptide first isolated from the skin of the African frog Kassina senegalensis, adopts an amphipathic alpha-helical conformation in a membrane-mimetic solvent (50% trifluoroethanol) and shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, its therapeutic potential is limited by its relatively high cytolytic activity against mammalian cells. The antimicrobial and cytolytic properties of a peptide are determined by an interaction between cationicity, hydrophobicity, alpha-helicity and amphipathicity. Replacement of the C-terminal alpha-amide group in kassinatuerin-1 by carboxylic acid decreased both cationicity and alpha-helicity, resulting in an analog with decreased potency against Escherichia coli (4-fold) and Staphylococcus aureus (16-fold). Low cytolytic activities against human erythrocytes (LD50>400 microM) and L929 fibroblasts (LD50=105 microM) were also observed. Increasing cationicity, while maintaining amphipathic alpha-helical character, by progressively substituting Gly7, Ser18, and Asp19 on the hydrophilic face of the alpha-helix with L-lysine, increased antimicrobial potency against S. aureus and Candida albicans (up to 4-fold) but also increased hemolytic and cytolytic activities. In contrast, analogs with d-lysine at positions 7, 18 and 19 retained activity against Gram-negative bacteria but displayed reduced hemolytic and cytolytic activities. For example, the carboxylic acid derivative of [D-Lys7, D-Lys18, D-Lys19]kassinatuerin-1 was active (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)=6-12.5 microM) against a range of strongly antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli but showed no detectable hemolytic activity at 400 microM and was 4-fold less cytolyic than kassinatuerin-1. However, the reduction in alpha-helicity produced by the D-amino acid substitutions resulted in analogs with reduced potencies against Gram-positive bacteria and against C. albicans.
2. Purification of peptides with differential cytolytic activities from the skin secretions of the Central American frog, Lithobates vaillanti (Ranidae)
J Michael Conlon, Haider Raza, Laurent Coquet, Thierry Jouenne, Jérôme Leprince, Hubert Vaudry, Jay D King Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009 Aug;150(2):150-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.04.003. Epub 2009 Apr 18.
Peptide-based defenses of ranid frogs from Mexico and Central America have been studied in much less detail than those from North America. Peptides belonging to the brevinin-1 (5 peptides), palustrin-2 (1 peptide), and ranatuerin-2 (3 peptides) families were isolated from norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the Costa Rican frog, Lithobates vaillanti (Ranidae) and characterized structurally. Brevinin-1VLa (FLGAIAGVAAKFLPKVFCFITKKC) and brevinin-1VLc (FLPVIASVAAKVLPK VFCFITKKC) showed particularly high growth-inhibitory potency (MIC < or =3 microM) against a Gram-positive microorganism Staphylococcus aureus and the opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida albicans and potent cytolytic activity (LC(50)< or =8 microM) against both human erythrocytes and HepG2 hepatoma-derived cells. The peptides were also active against a Gram-negative microorganism Escherichia coli (MIC< or =50 microM). Substitutions in brevinin-1VLd (Lys(11) --> Asn) and brevinin-1VLe (Lys(11) --> Ser) that decrease cationicity result in loss of activity against E. coli. Ranatuerin-2VLb (GIMDTIKGAAKDLAGQLLDKLKCKITKC) showed relatively weak antimicrobial activity (MIC> or =75 microM) but selective cytolytic activity against HepG2 tumor cells (LC(50)=30 microM) compared with erythrocytes (LC(50)>200 microM). In addition, a dodecapeptide (RICYAMWIPYPC) were isolated from the secretions that were devoid of antimicrobial activity. This component contains an Ala-Met bond that constitutes the scissile bond in the selective elastase inhibitor, elafin but the peptide did not inhibit pancreatic elastase at concentrations up to 100 microM.
3. Peptides with potent cytolytic activity from the skin secretions of the North American leopard frogs, Lithobates blairi and Lithobates yavapaiensis
J Michael Conlon, Eman Ahmed, Laurent Coquet, Thierry Jouenne, Jérôme Leprince, Hubert Vaudry, Jay D King Toxicon. 2009 Jun;53(7-8):699-705. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.018. Epub 2009 Feb 28.
Six structurally similar and strongly cationic peptides belonging to the brevinin-1 family were isolated from skin secretions of the plains leopard frog Lithobates blairi and the lowland leopard frog Lithobates yavapaiensis on the basis of their antimicrobial activities. Brevinin-1BLc (FLPIIAGIAAKFLPKIFCTISKKC) from L. blairi represented the most potent peptide (MIC=25microM Escherichia coli, MIC=1.5microM Staphylococcus aureus, MIC=3microM Candida albicans, LC(50)=9microM human erythrocytes and LC(50)=6microM HepG2 human hepatoma-derived cells). The appreciably lower antimicrobial potencies of brevinin-1Ya and -1Yc from L. yavapaiensis correlate with the decreases in cationicity produced by the amino acid substitutions Lys(11)-->Asn (brevinin-1Ya) and Pro(14)-->Glu (brevinin-1Yc). In addition, a peptide isolated from the skin secretions of L. yavapaiensis belonging to the ranatuerin-2 family (ranatuerin-2Ya; GLMDTIKGVAKTVAASWLDKLKCKIT GC) inhibited the growth of E. coli (MIC=50microM) and S. aureus (MIC=50microM). In contrast to brevinin-1BLc, ranatuerin-2Ya showed appreciably greater cytolytic activity against HepG2 cells (LC(50)=20microM) than against erythrocytes (LC(50)>100microM).
