So-D2

Systemic administration of dopamine D1 (SCH23390) and less so D2 (raclopride) receptor antagonists significantly reduce acquisition and expression of fructose-conditioned flavor preferences (CFP). Because dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) is implicated in food reward, the present study examined whether NAcS D1 or D2 antagonists altered acquisition and/or expression of fructose-CFP. In Experiment 1, food-restricted rats with bilateral NAcS cannulae were trained to drink a fructose (8%)+saccharin (0.2%) solution mixed with one flavor (CS+/Fs) and a less-preferred 0.2% saccharin solution with mixed another flavor (CS-/s). Unlimited two-bottle tests with the two flavors in saccharin (0.2%: CS+/s, CS-/s) occurred 10 min following total bilateral NAcS doses of 0, 12, 24 or 48 nmol of SCH23390 or raclopride. Preference for CS+/s over CS-/s following vehicle treatment (76%) was significantly reduced by SCH23390 (48 nmol, 62%) and raclopride (24 nmol, 63%). In Experiment 2, rats received bilateral NAcS injections (12 nmol) of SCH23390 or raclopride on one-bottle training (16 ml) days. Yoked control rats received vehicle and were limited to the CS intakes of the D1 and D2 groups, whereas untreated controls without injections received their CS ration during training. Subsequent unlimited two-bottle tests revealed initial preferences of CS+/s over CS-/s in all groups that remained stable in untreated and yoked controls, but were lost over the six tests sessions in D1 and D2 groups. These data indicate that NAcS D1 and D2 antagonists significantly attenuated the expression of the fructose-CFP and did not block acquisition, but hastened extinction of fructose-CFP.

We compare Japanese practice guidelines for gastric cancer with those published from National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). In surgery, D1 dissection is referred as standard in NCCN, because mortality of D2 dissection was higher than that of D1 (10% vs 4%). However, Japanese investigators show lower mortality rate (0.8%) of D2 dissection, so D2 dissection is referred as standard for stage II/III disease in Japan. Chemoradiotherapy is chosen for residual disease or unresectable disease (M0) in NCCN, but these categories are required D2 dissection or extensive resection in Japan. Because Japanese D2 dissection has better optimized survival rate than chemoradiotherapy,chemoradiotherapy will not be introduced to Japan. In chemotherapy, ECF or taxanes (e.g., DCF) is referred as a prior therapy in NCCN, but 5-FU contain regimen (e.g., FP, LV/5-FU, S-1, or S-1/CDDP) as a prior therapy in Japan. Both ECF and DCF are too toxic regimen for Japanese patient to use. Difference of race seem to be relevant to difference of mortality or toxicities. From the results of ACTS-GC, we think that adjuvant chemotherapy is referred as standard in Japan. Future, results of JCOG 9912 and many other trials will be coming soon, so the guidelines will be changed.

Antimicrobial peptides (So-D1-7) were isolated from a crude cell wall preparation from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea cv. Matador) and, judged from their amino acid sequences, six of them (So-D2-7) represented a novel structural subfamily of plant defensins (group IV). Group-IV defensins were also functionally distinct from those of groups I-III. They were active at concentrations < 20 microM against Gram-positive (Clavibacter michiganensis) and Gram-negative (Ralstonia solanacearum) bacterial pathogens, as well as against fungi, such as Fusarium culmorum, F. solani, Bipolaris maydis, and Colletotrichum lagenarium. Fungal inhibition occurred without hyphal branching. Group-IV defensins were preferentially distributed in the epidermal cell layer of leaves and in the subepidermal region of stems.