1. Digestive proteolytic activity in the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps
Vahid Hosseininaveh, Alireza Bandani, Fatemeh Hosseininaveh J Insect Sci. 2009;9:1-11. doi: 10.1673/031.009.7001.
The Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), is one of the most important pests of wheat and causes considerable damage to this valuable crop annually. Digestive proteinase activity of adult insects was investigated using general and specific substrates and inhibitors. Proteolytic activity was low when the common conventional substrates, azoalbumin, azocasein and hemoglobin were used to assay salivary glands and midguts. Using the fluorescent casein substrate (BODIPY FL casein), total proteolytic activity was measured at different pH. Maximum proteolytic activity was detected at pH 7 (100%) and 8(65%) which suggested the presence of serine proteinases in the salivary glands. There was no detectable proteolytic activity in midgut extracts. The inhibitors; PMSF (inhibitor of serine proteinases) and TPCK (a specific chymotrypsin inhibitor) showed greater than 50% inhibitory effect on total proteolytic activity, however, TLCK (specific trypsin inhibitor) and E-64(specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor) did not inhibit total proteolytic activity. Using fluorescent specific substrates for serine and cysteine proteinases (Z-Arg-AMC, Z-Arg-Arg-AMC, Z-Arg-Phe-AMC and Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-AMZ) revealed the presence of tryptic and chymotryptic activity in the salivary gland extract. Zymogram analysis under non-reducing SDS-PAGE conditions and using the substrate APNE showed at least 8 tryptic and chymotryptic activity bands in salivary gland extracts. A single high molecular weight band with tryptic activity (165 kDa) was detected using the substrate BApNA in a zymogram analysis using native-PAGE. Kinetic studies showed a k(m) value of 0.6 mM for this enzyme against the substrate BApNA .The inhibitor TLCK decreased activity of the trypsin-like enzyme up to 73% and almost completely eliminated the only band related to this proteinase in the zymogram. Soybean Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor showed no effect on proteolytic activity of the trypsin-like serine proteinase. In general, the results revealed the presence of chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like serine proteinases in the salivary gland of E. integriceps, and it seems that the major total proteolytic activity is due to chymotrypsin proteinases.
2. Purification and characterization of a new 120 kDa alkaline proteinase of Trypanosoma cruzi
J M Santana, P Grellier, M H Rodier, J Schrevel, A Teixeira Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Sep 30;187(3):1466-73. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90467-y.
A new alkaline proteinase activity was identified in cell-free extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes on the basis of its ability to hydrolyze the fluorogenic substrate N-Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC. The optimal activity was at pH 8.0. After a three step-chromatography procedure using two anionic columns (DEAE-Sepharose and Mono Q) and a chromatofocusing column (Mono P), the proteolytic activity was associated with a single 120 kDa protein and was called Tc 120 proteinase. The molecular mass of the proteinase was confirmed by direct visualization of the proteolytic activity using a fluorometric assay on SDS-PAGE. The Tc 120 proteinase which also cleaves N-Z-Arg-AMC, N-Z-Phe-Arg-AMC and N-glutaryl-Gly-Arg-AMC substrates, is a cysteine-type proteinase with an unusual low sensitivity to E-64.
3. Cathepsin L proteinase secreted by Fasciola hepatica in vitro prevents antibody-mediated eosinophil attachment to newly excysted juveniles
C Carmona, A J Dowd, A M Smith, J P Dalton Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993 Nov;62(1):9-17. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90172-t.
Cathepsin L-like activity was demonstrated in the excretory/secretory (E/S) products of Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles (NEJ), 3-week-old, 5-week-old and mature flukes using the fluorogenic substituted 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin substrates Z-phe-arg-AMC, Z-arg-arg-AMC and Z-arg-AMC. Gelatin-substrate polyacrylamide gel analysis revealed that the E/S from each of these stages contained multiple proteolytic enzymes; however, the pattern of proteinases obtained for NEJ E/S differed markedly from that of all other stages examined. The four NEJ proteinases identified were inhibited by leupeptin and Z-phe-ala-diazomethyl ketone indicating that each had cathepsin L-like activity. The E/S products of all four developmental stages contain an enzyme capable of cleaving immunoglobulin at the hinge region, the activity of which is also inhibited by Z-phe-ala-diazomethyl ketone. Using in vitro cell attachment assays we show that the cathepsin L-like proteinase purified from the E/S products of adult F. hepatica can prevent the antibody-mediated attachment of eosinophil to NEJ. These experiments indicate that this proteinase has an important biological function in immune evasion.
